Imperilled rivers of Australia: Challenges for assessment and conservation
Keywords:
Australia, river health, biodiversity, ecological processes, historyAbstract
In Australia, riverine biodiversity (as judged by species diversity) is threatened by an array of anthropogenic effects common in industrialised countries (e.g. in-stream barriers, mining and sewage effluents, increased nutrient inputs, introduced species) as well as more diffuse, widespread phenomena characteristic of most of the arid and semi-arid areas of the world (e.g. salinisation and alteration of flows). Although much has been learned from specific case studies in the more populated areas, the nationally systematic efforts at quantifying these threats rely mostly on measures of river “condition” or “health” because measuring species diversity across areas as large as Australia is too expensive. However, these measures are incomplete representations of biodiversity, and some of the auditing processes compound other human values into their summaries of river condition or health. Furthermore, public perceptions of what rivers in Australia can deliver in terms of “ecosystem services” may not be feasible in many areas owing to the way that the Australian landscape has evolved. To avoid making the mistake of assuming that “good river health” automatically means “all biodiversity is conserved,” three advances are needed: appropriate conceptual frameworks of how a given river system functions, more research that clarifies the links between processes and biodiversity, and an understanding of the historical biogeography of the river biota so that we can provide a clear context for the first two items. Substantial progress has been made in developing and adapting conceptual models of river systems, research into processes is being initiated even in some remote, sparsely populated catchments, and much has been learned about the history and distribution of the flora and fauna. Key challenges remain in consolidating reliable empirical relationships between biodiversity and the surrogate variables used to measure it, estimating the rates of biodiversity change likely to accrue from climate change over the next millennium, and identifying biodiversity “hot spots” particularly for less than charismatic species.
References
Adams, C. S. 1901. Baselevelling and its faunal significance, with illustrations from southeastern United States. Am. Nat., 35: 839–852.
Alien, G. R. 1989. Freshwater Fishes of Australia, Neptune City, NJ, , U.S.A.: T. F. H. Publications.
Andelman, S. J. and Fagan, W. F. 2000. Umbrellas and flagships: efficient conservation surrogates or expensive mistakes?. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97: 5954–5959.
Arthington, A. H. 1990. Latitudinal gradients in insect species richness of Australian lotie systems: a selective review. Tropical Freshwater Biology, 2: 179–196.
Arthington, A. H. and Zalucki, J. M. 1998. Comparative evaluation of environmental flow assessment techniques: review of methods, Occasional Paper. No. 27/98 Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, , Australia: Land and Water Resources Research and Development Corporation.
Arthington, A. H., Conrick, D. L., Connell, D. W. and Outridge, P. M. 1982. The ecology of a polluted urban creek, Australian Water Resources Council Technical Paper. No. 68 Canberra, A.C.T., , Australia: Australian Water Resources Council.
Australian State of the Environment Committee. 2001. Australia State of the Environment 2001. Independent Report to the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment and Heritage, Canberra, ACT: CSIRO Publishing and Department of the Environment and Heritage.
Ball, J., Donnelley, L., Erlanger, P., Evans, R., Kollmorgen, A., Neal, B. and Shirley, M. 2001. Inland Waters, Australia State of the Environment Report 2001. Theme Report, Canberra, ACT: CSIRO Publishing and Department of the Environment and Heritage.
Barmuta, L. A. and Lake, P. S. 1982. On the value of the River Continuum Concept. N. Z. J Mar. Freshwat. Res., 16: 27–231.
Barmuta, L. A., Marchant, R. and Lake, P. S. 1992. “Degradation of Australian streams and progress towards conservation and management in Victoria.”. In River Conservation and Management, Edited by: Boon, P. J., Calow, P. and Pens, G. E. 65–79. Chichester, , U.K.: John Wiley and Sons.
Bird, J. F. 1982. Channel incision at Eaglehawk Creek, Gippland, Victoria, Australia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 94: 11–22.
Blanch, S. J., Ganf, G. G. and Walker, K. F. 1999. Tolerance of riverine plants to flooding and exposure indicated by water regime. Regulated Rivers-Research & Management, 15: 43–62.
Blunier, T., Chappellaz, J., Schwander, J., Dallenbach, A., Stauffer, B., Stocker, T. F., Raynaud, D., Jouzel, J., Clausen, H. B., Hammer, C. U. and Johnsen, S. J. 1998. Asynchrony of Antarctic and Greenland climate change during the last glacial period. Nature, 394: 739–743.
Boulton, A. J. and Brock, M. A. 1999. Australian Freshwater Ecology: Processes and Management, Glen Osmond, , S. A. Australia: Gleneagles Publishing.
Boulton, A. J. and Lake, P. S. 1992a. The ecology of two intermittent streams in Victoria, Australia. 2. Comparisons of faunal composition between habitats, rivers and years. Freshw. Biol., 27: 99–121.
Boulton, A. J. and Lake, P. S. 1992b. The ecology of two intermittent streams in Victoria, Australia. 3. Temporal changes in faunal composition. Freshw. Biol., 27: 123–138.
Boulton, G. S. 1993. Greenland ice sheet-2 cores are better than one. Nature, 366: 507–508.
Bowler, J. M. 1990. “The last 500,000 years.”. In The Murray, Edited by: Mackay, N. and Eastburn, D. 95–109. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, , Australia: Murray Darling Basin Commission.
Bowler, J. M. and Wesson, R. J. 1983. “Glacial age environments of inland Australia.”. In Late Cainozoic palaeoclimates of the Southern Hemisphere, Edited by: Vogel, J. C. Rotterdam: Balkema.
Bowman, D. M. J. S. 2000. Australian rainforests. Islands of Green in a Land of Fire, Cambridge, , U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Bren, L. J. 1993. Riparian zone, stream, and floodplain issues-a review. J. Hydrol., 150: 277–299.
Brierley, G. J. and Mum, C. P. 1997. European impacts on downstream sediment transfer and bank erosion in Cobargo catchment, New South Wales, Australia. Catena, 31: 119–136.
Bunn, S. E. and Arthington, A. H. 2002. Basic principles and ecological consequences of altered flow regimes for aquatic biodiversity. Environ. Manage., 30: 492–507.
Bunn, S. E. and Davies, P. M. 1990. Why is the stream fauna of south-western Australia so impoverished?. Hydrobiologie, 194: 169–176.
Bunn, S. E. and Davies, P. M. 2000. Biological processes in running waters and their implications for the assessment of ecological integrity. Hydrobiologia, 422: 61–70.
Bunn, S. E., Davies, P. M. and Mosisch, T. D. 1999. Ecosystem measures of river health and their response to riparian and catchment degradation. Freshw. Biol., 41: 333–345.
Campbell, I. C. 1978. A biological investigation of an organically polluted urban stream in Victoria. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res., 29: 275–291.
Campbell, I. C. 1993. “Riparian stream linkages: an Australian perspective on in-stream issues.”. In Ecology and Management of Riparian Zones in Australia, LWRRDC Occasional Paper Series No. 05/93 Edited by: Bunn, S. E., Pusey, B. J. and Price, P. 21–30. Canberra, A.C.T. and Brisbane, QId., , Australia: Land and Water Resources Research and Development Corporation and Centre for Catchment and In-stream Research, Griffith University.
Clark, R. L. and Wasson, R. J. 1986. “Reservoir sediments.”. In Limnology in Australia, Edited by: DeDeckker, P. and Williams, W. D. 496–507. Melbourne and Dodrecht: C.S.I.R.O. & Dr W. Junk.
Conroy, M. J. and Noon, B. R. 1996. Mapping of species richness for conservation of biological diversity-conceptual and methodological issues. Ecol. Appl., 6: 763–773.
Cramer, V A. and Hobbs, R. J. 2002. Ecological consequences of altered hydrological regimes in fragmented ecosystems in southern Australia: Impacts and possible management responses. Austral Ecology, 27: 546–564.
Crowl, T. A., Townsend, C. R. and McIntosh, A. R. 1992. The impact of introduced brown and rainbow trout on native fish: The case of Australasia. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish., 2: 217–241.
Cullen, P. 1990. The turbulent boundary between water science and water management. Freshw. Biol., 24: 201–209.
Cullen, P. W., Norris, R. H., Resh, V H., Reynoldson, T. B., Rosenberg, D. M. and Barbour, M. T. 1999. Collaboration in scientific research: a critical need for freshwater ecology. Freshw. Biol., 42: 131–142.
Davis, J. A., Harrington, S. A. and Friend, J. A. 1993. Invertebrate communities of relict streams in the arid zone-the George Gill Range, central Australia. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res., 44: 483–505.
De Deckker, P. 1986. “What happened to the Australian aquatic biota 18 000 years ago?”. In Limnology in Australia, Edited by: DeDeckker, P. and Williams, W. D. 487–496. Melbourne and Dodrecht: C.S.I.R.O. & Dr W. Junk.
De Deckker. 2001. Late quaternary cyclic aridity in tropical Australia. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 170: 1–9.
Doeg, T. J. and Koehn, J. D. 1994. Effects of draining and desilting a small weir on downstream fish and macroinvertebrates. Regul. Rivers: Res. Manage, 9: 263–277.
Downes, B. J., Barmuta, L. A., Fairweather, P. G., Faith, D. P., Keough, M. J., Lake, P. S., Mapstone, B. and Quinn, G. 2002. Monitoring Ecological Impacts: Concepts and Practice in Flowing Waters, Cambridge, , U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Fairweather, P. G. 1993. Links between ecology and ecophilosophy, ethics and the requirements of environmental management. Aust. J. Ecol., 18: 3–19.
Fairweather, P. G. 1999. State of environment indicators of ‘river health’: exploring the metaphor. Freshw. Biol., 41: 211–220.
Fairweather, P. G. and Napier, G. M. 1998. Environmental indicators for national state of the environment reporting-Inland waters, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, , Australia: State of the Environment (Environmental Indicator Reports), Department of the Environment.
Ferner, S. and Watson, G. 1997. “An evaluation of the effectiveness of environmental surrogates and modelling techniques in predicting the distribution of biological diversity”. In Consultancy report to the Biodiversity Convention and Strategy Section of the Biodiversity Group, Environment Australia, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, , Australia: Biodiversity Group, Environment Australia.
Flood, J. 1983. Archaeology of the Dreamtime Collins, Sydney, New South Wales, , Australia
Frakes, L. A., McGowran, B. and Bowler, J. M. 1987. “Evolution of Australian environments.”. In Fauna of Australia. General Articles, Edited by: Dyne, G. R. and Walton, D. W. Vol. IA, 1–16. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, , Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Fulton, W. 1990. Tasmanian Freshwater Fishes. Fauna of Tasmania Committee, Hobart, , Tasmania: University of Tasmania and Inland Fisheries Commission of Tasmania.
Geddes, M. C. 1983. Biogeography and ecology of Australian Anostraca (Crustacea: Branchiopoda). Memoirs of the Australian Museum, 18: 155–163.
Gehrke, P. C., Astles, K. L. and Harris, J. H. 1999. Within-catchment effects of flow alterations on fish assemblages in the HawkesburyNepean river system, Australia. Reg. Rivers: Res. Manage., 15: 181–198.
Gilmore, M. 1934. Old Days: Old Ways. A book of recollections, Sydney, New South Wales, , Australia: Angus & Roberston.
Goldstein, P. Z. 1999. Functional ecosystems and biodiversity buzzwords. Conservation Biology, 13: 247–255.
Grootes, P. M., Stuiver, M., White, J. W. C., Johnsen, S. and Jouzel, J. 1993. Comparison of oxygen isotope records from the GISP2 and GRIP Greenland ice cores. Nature, 366: 552–554.
Crowns, J. E., Chessman, B. C., McEvoy, P. K. and Wright, I. A. 1995. Rapid assessment of rivers using macroinvertebrates: case studies in the Nepean River and Blue Mountains, NSW. Aust. J. Ecol., 20: 130–141.
Gunderson, L. H., Rolling, C. S. and Light, S. S. 1995. Barriers and Bridges to the Renewal of Ecosystems and Institutions, New York, NY, , U.S.A.: Columbia University Press.
Harris, G. P. 1994. Nutrient loadings and algal blooms in Australian waters-a discussion paper, Occasional Paper Series. No. 12/94 Canberra, A.C.T., , Australia: Land & Water Resources Research & Development Corporation.
Harris, G. P. 1996. Catchments and Aquatic Ecosystems: Nutrient ratios, flow regulation and ecosystem impacts in rivers like the Hawkesbury-Nepean, CRC for Freshwater Ecology Discussion Paper Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, , Australia: CRC for Freshwater Ecology, University of Canberra and CSIRO Project Office.
Harris, G. P. 1997. Algal biomass and biogeochemistry in catchments and aquatic ecosystems: scaling of processes, models and empirical tests. Hydrobiologie, 349: 19–26.
Harris, G. P. 1998. Predictive models in spatially and temporally variable freshwater systems. Aust. J. Ecol., 23: 50–94.
Harris, G. P. 2001. Biogeochemistry of nitrogen and phosphorus in Australian catchments, rivers and estuaries: effects of land use and flow regulation and comparisons with global patterns. Mar. Freshwat. Res., 52: 139–149.
Hart, B. T., Bailey, P., Edwards, R., Hortle, K., James, K., McMahon, A., Meredith, C. and Swadling, K. 1991. A review of the salt sensitivity ofthe Australian fresh-water biota. Hydrobiologie, 210: 105–144.
Herczeg, A. L., Dogramaci, S. S. and Leaney, F. W. J. 2001. Origin of dissolved salts in a large, semi-arid groundwater system: Murray Basin, Australia. Mar. Freshwat. Res., 52: 41–52.
Hortle, K. G. and Lake, P. S. 1982. Macroinvertebrate assemblages in channelized and unchannelized sections of the Bunyip River, Victoria. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res., 33: 1071–1082.
Horwitz, P. 1988. Sea-level fluctuations and the distributions of some freshwater crayfishes of the genus Engaeus (Decapoda; Parastacidae) in the Bass Strait area. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res., 39: 497–502.
Horwitz, P., Lindsay, M. and O'Connor, M. 2001. Biodiversity, endemism, sense of place and public health: inter-relationships for Australian inland aquatic systems. Ecosystem Health, : 7
Hughes, J. B., Daily, G. C. and Ehrlich, P. R. 2000. Conservation of insect diversity: a habitat approach. Conservation Biology, 14: 1788–1797.
Humphrey, C. L. and Dostine, P. L. 1994. Development of biological monitoring programs to detect mining-waste impacts upon aquatic ecosystems of the Alligator Rivers Region, Northern Territory, Australia. Mitt. Internat. Verein. Limnol., 24: 293–314.
Humphrey, C. L., Faith, D. P. and Destine, P. L. 1995. Baseline requirements for assessment of mining impact using biological monitoring. Aust. J. Ecol., 20: 150–166.
Humphrey, C. L., Storey, A. W. and Thurtell, L. 2000. “AUSRIVAS: operator sampling error and temporal variability--implications for model sensitivity.”. In Assessing the Biological Quality of Freshwaters: RIVPACS and Other Techniques, Edited by: Wright, J. F., Sutcliffe, D. W. and Furse, M. T. 143–163. Ambleside, Cumbria, , U.K.: Freshwater Biological Association.
Hynes, H. B. N. 1970. The Ecology of Running Waters, Liverpool, , U.K.: Liverpool University Press.
Hynes, H. B. N. 1975. The stream and its valley. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. Verh., 19: 1–15.
James, K. R. and Hart, B. T. 1993. Effect of salinity on four freshwater macrophytes. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res., 44: 769–777.
Kay, W. R., Halse, S. A., Scanlon, M. D. and Smith, M. J. 2001. Distribution and environmental tolerances of aquatic macroinvertebrate families in the agricultural zone of southwestern Australia. J. North Am. Benthol. Soc., 20: 182–199.
Kingsford, R. T. 2000. Ecological impacts of dams, water diversions and river management on floodplain wetlands in Australia. Austral Ecology, 25: 109–127.
Kirkpatrick, J. B. and Fowler, M. 1998. Locating likely glacial forest refugia in Tasmania using palynological and ecological information to test alternative climatic models. Biol. Conserv., 85: 171–182.
Ladson, A. R., White, L. J., Doolan, J. A., Finlayson, B. L., Hart, B. T., Lake, P. S. and Tilleard, J. W. 1999. Development and testing of an Index of Stream Condition for waterway management in Australia. Freshw. Biol., 41: 453–468.
Lake, P. S. and Barmuta, L. A. 1986. “Stream benthic communities: persistent presumptions and current speculations.”. In Limnology in Australia, Edited by: DeDeckker, P. and Williams, W. D. 263–276. Melbourne and Dodrecht: C.S.I.R.O. & Dr W. Junk.
Lake, P. S. and Douglas, M. 1996. Tropical savanna streams and their catchments: the burning question, Research and Development Final Report. No. UMO16 Canberra, ACT: Land and Water Resources Research and Development Corporation.
Lake, P. S. and Marchant, R. 1990. Australian upland streams: ecological degradation and possible restoration. Proc. Ecol. Soc. Aust., 16: 79–91.
Lake, P. S., Barmuta, L. A., Boulton, A. J., Campbell, I. C. and St. Clair, R. M. 1985. Australian streams and Northern Hemisphere stream ecology: comparisons and problems. Proc. Ecol. Soc. Aust., 14: 61–82.
Lake, P. S., Barmuta, L. A., Boulton, A. J., Campbell, I. C. and St. Clair, R. M. 1986. Australian streams and Northern Hemisphere ecology: comparisons and problems. Proc. Ecol. Soc. Aust., 14: 61–82.
Lake, P. S., Schreiber, E. S. G., Milne, B. J. and Pearson, R. G. 1994. Species richness in streams: patterns overtime, with stream size and with latitude. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. Verh., 25: 1822–1826.
Lancaster, J. 2000. The ridiculous notion of assessing ecological health and identifying the useful concepts underneath. Human & Ecological Risk Assessment, 6: 213–222.
Maheshwari, B. L., Walker, K. E. and McMahon, T. A. 1995. Effects of regulation on the flow regime of the River Murray, Australia. Regulated Rivers-Research & Management, 10: 15–38.
Norris, R. H. 1986. Mine waste pollution of the Molonglo River, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory: effectiveness of remedial works at Captains Flat Mining Area. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res., 37: 147–157.
Norris, R. H. and Thorns, M. C. 1999. What is River Health?. Freshw. Biol., 41: 197–209.
Norris, R. H., Lake, P. S. and Swain, R. 1982. Ecological effects of mine effluents on the South Esk River, north-eastern Tasmania 111. Benthic macroinvertebrates. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res., 33: 789–809.
Oliver, I. and Beattie, A. J. 1996. Designing a cost-effective invertebrate survey-a test of methods for rapid assessment of biodiversity. Ecol. Appl., 6: 594–607.
Outridge, P. M. 1988. Seasonal and spatial variations in benthic macroinvertebrate communities of Magela Creek, Northern Territory. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res., 39: 211–223.
Pearson, R. G., Benson, L. J. and Smith, R. E. W. 1986. “Diversity and abundance of the fauna in Yuccabine Creek, a tropical rainforest system”. In Limnology In Australia, Edited by: DeDeckker, P. and Williams, W. D. 329–342. Melbourne and Dodrecht: C.S.I.R.O. & Dr W. Junk.
Ponder, W. F. and Colgan, D. J. 2002. What makes a narrow-range taxon? Insights from Australian freshwater snails. Invertebrate Systematics, 16: 571–582.
Puckridge, J. T., Sheldon, F., Walker, K. E. and Boulton, A. J. 1998. Flow variability and the ecology of large rivers. Marine & Freshwater Research, 49: 55–72.
Puckridge, J. T., Walker, K. E. and Costelloe, J. E. 2000. Hydrological persistence and the ecology of dryland rivers. Regulated RiversResearch & Management, 16: 385–402.
Pusey, B. J. and Kennard, M. J. 1996. Species richness and geographical variation in assemblage structure of the freshwater fish fauna of the Wet Tropics region of northern Queensland. Mar. Freshwat. Res., 47: 563–573.
Pusey, B. J., Arthington, A. H. and Read, M. G. 1995. Species richness and spatial variation in fish assemblage structure in two rivers ofthe Wet Tropics of northern Queensland, Australia. Env. Biol. Fish., 42: 181–199.
Pusey, B. J., Arthington, A. H. and Read, M. G. 1998. Freshwater fishes of the Burdekin River, Australia: biogeography, history and spatial variation in community structure. Env. Biol. Fish., 53: 303–318.
Pusey, B. J., Kennard, M. J. and Arthington, A. H. 2000. Discharge variability and the development of predictive models relating stream fish assemblage structure to habitat in northeastern Australia. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 9: 30–50.
Pyne, S. J. 1991. Burning Bush. A Fire History of Australia, North Sydney, New South Wales, , Australia: Alien and Unwin.
Quinn, G. P., Hillman, T. J. and Cook, R. 2000. The response of macroinvertebrates to inundation in floodplain wetlands: a possible effect of river regulation? Reg. Rivers: Res. Manage., 16: 469–477.
Rapport, D. 1999. “Defining Ecosystem Health.”. In Ecosystem Health, Edited by: Rapport, D., Costanza, R., Epstein, P. R., Gaudet, C. and Levins, R. 18–50. Blackwell Science.
Read, M. G. and Barmuta, L. A. 1999. Comparisons of benthic communities adjacent to riparian native eucalypt and introduced willow vegetation. Freshw. Biol., 42: 359–374.
Reid, M. A. and Brooks, J. J. 2000. Detecting effects of environmental water allocations in wetlands of the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia. Regulated Rivers-Research & Management, 16: 479–496.
Schofield, N. J. and Davies, P. E. 1996. Measuring the health of our water. Water, 23 May/June: 36–43.
Schulze, D. J. and Walker, K. E. 1997. Riparian willow and eucalypt trees and their interactions with littoral invertebrates in the River Murray, South Australia. Reg. Rivers: Res. Manage., 13: 557–577.
Scott, J. M., Anderson, H., Davis, E., Caicco, S., Csuti, E., D'Erchia, F., Noss, R., Edwards, T. C. Jr., Butterfield, B., Ulliman, J., Groves, C. and Wright, R. G. 1992. Gap analysis: a geographic approach to protection of biological diversity. Wild. Monogr., 123: 1–41.
Scrimgeour, G. J. and Wicklum, D. 1996. Aquatic ecosystem health and integrity: problems and potential solutions. J. North Am. Benthol. Soc., 15: 254–261.
Sheldon, E. and Walker, K. E. 1998. Spatial distribution of littoral invertebrates in the lower Murray-Darling River system, Australia. Marine & Freshwater Research, 49: 171–182.
Sheldon, E., Thorns, M. C., Berry, O. and Puckridge, J. 2000. Using disaster to prevent catastrophe: referencing the impacts of flow changes in large dryland rivers. Regulated Rivers-Research & Management, 16: 403–420.
Smith, D. I. 1998. Water in Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, , Australia: Oxford University Press.
State of the Environment Advisory Council. 1996. Australia: State of the Environment, Collingwood, Victoria, , Australia: CSIRO Publishing.
Stein, J. L., Stein, J. A. and Nix, H. A. 1998. The identification of wild rivers. Methodology and database development. A report for the Australian Heritage Commission by the Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T., , Australia: Wilderness and Wild Rivers Section, Australian and World Heritage Group, Environment Australia.
Suter, G. W. II. 1993. A critique of ecosytem health concepts and indexes. Env. Toxic. Chem., 12: 1533–1539.
Thorns, M. C. and Walker, K. E. 1993. Channel changes associated with 2 adjacent weirs on a regulated lowland alluvial river. Regulated Rivers-Research & Management, 8: 271–284.
Thorns, M. C. and Sheldon, E. 2000. Water resource development and hydrological change in a large dryland river: the Barwon- Darling River, Australia. J. Hydro!., 228: 10–21.
Thorns, M. C., Ogden, R. W. and Reid, M. A. 1999. Establishing the condition of lowland floodplain rivers: a palaeo-ecological approach. Freshw. Biol., 41: 407–423.
Thomson, J. M., Long, J. L. and Horton, D. R. 1987. “Human exploitation of and introductions to the Australian fuana.”. In Fauna of Australia. General Articles, Edited by: Dyne, G. R. and Walton, D. W. Vol. IA, 227–249. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, , Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Vinson, M. R. and Hawkins, C. P. 1998. Biodiversity of stream insects: variation at local, basin and regional scales. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 43: 271–293.
Walker, K. E., Sheldon, E. and Puckridge, J. T. 1995. A perspective on dryland river ecosystems. Regulated Rivers-Research & Management, 11: 85–104.
Ward, T. J., Vanderklift, M. A., Nicholls, A. O. and Kenchington, R. A. 1999. Selecting marine reserves using habitats and species assemblages as surrogates for biological diversity. Ecol. Appl., 9: 691–698.
Wesson, R. J. 1992. Modern sedimentation and late Quaternary evolution of the Magela Creek plain, Supervising Scientist for the Alligator Rivers Region Research Report. No. 6 Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, , Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Wesson, R. J., Mazari, R. K., Starr, B. and Clifton, G. 1998. The recent history of erosion and sedimentation on the Southern Tablelands of southeastern Australia: sediment flux dominated by channel incision. Geomorphology, 24: 291–308.
White, M. E. 1998. Listen…our land is crying, Sydney, New South Wales, , Australia: Kangaroo Press.
White, M. E. 2000. Running down: water in a changing land, Sydney, New South Wales, , Australia: Kangaroo Press.
Whiting, A. S., Lawler, S. H., Horwitz, P. and Crandall, K. A. 2000. Biogeographic regionalization of Australia: assigning conservation priorities based on endemic freshwater crayfish phylogenetics. Anim. Conserv., 3: 155–163.
Williams, M. D. and Williams, W. D. 1991. Salinity tolerances of four species of fish from the Murray-Darling River system. Hydrobiologie., 210: 145–160.
Williams, P. H. and Araujo, M. B. 2000. Using probability of persistence to identify important areas for biodiversity conservation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London-Series B: Biological Sciences, 267: 1959–1966.
Williams, W. D. 1983. Life in Inland Waters, Melbourne, Victoria, , Australia: Blackwell Scientific.
Williams, W. D. 1987. Salinization of rivers and streams: an important environmental hazard. Ambio., 16: 180–185.
Williams, W. D. 1988. Limnological imbalances: an antipodean viewpoint. Freshw. Biol., 20: 407–420.
Williams, W. D. and Aladin, N. V. 1991. The Aral Sea: recent limnological changes and their conservation significance. Aquat. Conserv.: Mar. Freshwat. Ecosyst., 1: 3–23.
Williams, W. D. and Alien, G. R. 1987. “Origins and adaptations of the fauna of inland waters.”. In Fauna of Australia. General Articles, Vol. IA, Edited by: Dyne, G. R. and Walton, D. W. 184–201. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, , Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Williams, W. D. and Campbell, I. C. 1987. “The inland aquatic environment and its fauna.”. In Fauna of Australia. General Articles, Vol. IA, Edited by: Dyne, G. R. and Walton, D. W. 156–183. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, , Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Williams, W. D., Taaffe, R. G. and Boulton, A. J. 1991. Longitudinal distribution of macroinvertebrates in two rivers subject to salinization. Hydrobiologia, 210: 151–160.
Wright, J. F., Armitage, P. D. and Furse, M. T. 1989. Prediction of invertebrate communities using stream measurements. Reg. Rivers: Res. Manage., 4: 147–155.
Yeates, L. and Barmuta, L. A. 1999. The effects of willow and eucalypt leaves on feeding preference and growth of some Australian aquatic macroinvertebrates. Aust. J. Ecol., 24: 593–598.
Yencken, D. and Wilkinson, D. 2000. Resetting the Compass. Australia's Journey Towards Sustainability, Collingwood, Victoria, , Australia: CSIRO Publishing.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Manuscripts must be original. They must not be published or be under consideration for publication elsewhere, in whole or in part. It is required that the lead author of accepted papers complete and sign the MSU Press AEHM Author Publishing Agreement and provide it to the publisher upon acceptance.
