Toxicity of paraquat to Daphnia magna under different exposure conditions associated with Korean agricultural conditions
Keywords:
EC50, DT50, sediment influenceAbstract
This study was conducted to examine the toxic effects of paraquat on Daphnia magna and its behavior in Korean agricultural conditions. Acute immobilization toxicity tests on D. magna were performed for 48 h at three different exposure systems: water-alone (System A), water-sediment system (System B), and an equilibrated water-sediment system (System C). The concentration of paraquat in the System A was very stable over 48 h and the EC50 was 6.39 ppm. In contrast, the concentration of paraquat in water phase of the System B drastically decreased. The dissipation time in water (DT50) in the System B ranged from 5.45 h to 13.05 h, while the EC50 increased 3 times to 20.8 ppm. The concentration of paraquat in the water phase of the System C decreased over 90%, and no adverse effect was observed at 80 ppm. Considering that the toxicity of paraquat greatly decreased in the System B, there was a large margin between predicted environmental concentration (PEC) and the concentration that would cause adverse effects on D. magna in environmentally relevant conditions. This study clearly indicated that paraquat equilibrated in the water sediment system did not acutely affect D. magna dwelling in the aquatic ecosystems, including rice paddies of Korea.
References
Alberdi, J. L., Sáenz, M. E., Di Marzio, W. D. and Tortorelli, M. C. 1996. Comparative acute toxicity of two herbicides, paraquat and glyphosate, to Daphnia magna D. spinulata.. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 57: 229–235.
Chun, J. C. 1997. KCPA report for the special review on the safety of paraquat; the residue of paraquat in the fruit cropping area in 1996–1997, Seoul, Korea: Korea Crop Protection Association.
Eisler, R. 1990. Paraquat hazards to fish, wildlife and invertebrates: a synoptic review. Contaminant Hazard Reviews. US Fish and Wild Serv. Biol. Rep., 85 (1.22)
EPPO. 1993. Decision-making scheme for the environmental risk assessment of plant protection products, OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 23, Paris: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) and Council of Europe, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Fernández, M., Ibánez, M., Picó, Y. and Manes, J. 1998. Spatial and temporal trends of paraquat, diquat, and difenzoquat concentration in water from marsh areas of the Valencial community (Spain). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 35: 388–384.
Ferrando, M. D., Sancho, E. and Andreu-Moliner, E. 1995. Chronic toxicity of fenitrothion to an algae (Nannochloris oculata), a rotifer (Brachionus calyciflorus), and the cladoceran (Daphnia magna). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety, 35: 112–120.
Ganzelmeier, M., Kopp, H., Spangenberg, R. and Streloke, M. 1993. Plant protection products are made subject to safe distance requirements. Pflanzenschutz-Praxis, : 14–15. 3/1993
Han, D. S. and Yoon, S. R. 1984. Influence of organic matter and clay contents on the adsorption of paraquat by soils. Res. Bull. Kangwon Nat. Univ., 19: 27–33.
KCPA. 2007a. Agrochemical year book 2007, Seoul, Korea: Korea Crop Protection Association.
KCPA. 2007b. Pesticide Use Guidance Book, Seoul, Korea: Korea Crop Protection Association.
Kim, H. M. 2003. Monitoring Project on Agri-Environment Quality in Korea, Korea: National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology.
Kim, B. S., Park, Y. K., Park, K. H., Kim, J. K., Shin, J. S., Kim, J. H., Yoon, S. M. and Ahn, Y. J. 2006. Selection of optimal culture media for developing standard ecological toxicity test methods using Korean freshwater Cladocera. Kor. J. Pestic. Sci., 10: 189–195.
Kim, B. S., Park, Y. K., Park, K. H., Jeong, M. M., You, A. S., Yang, Y. J., Shin, J. S., Kim, J. H., Yoon, S. M. and Ahn, Y. J. 2007. Acute toxicity of some pesticides on five Korean native cladocerans. Kor. J. Pestic. Sci., 11: 261–267.
Lee, S. J., Kim, B. H. and Kim, J. E. 1998. Characteristics of adsorption-desorption of herbicide paraquat in soils. Kor. J. Pestic. Sci., 2: 70–78.
Petit, V. and Cabridenc, R. 1995. Review of strategies for modeling the environmental fate of pesticides discharged into riverine systems. Environ. Int., 21: 167–176.
RDA. 2007. Ecological Risk Assessment Guideline for Registration of Pesticide in Korea, 179–181. Suwon, Korea: Rural Development Administration.
Smith, E. A. and Mayfield, C. I. 1978. Paraquat: determination, degradation and mobility in soil. Water Air Soil Pollut., 9: 439–452.
Tomlin, C. 2003. The Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition, Hampshire, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, Alton.
USEPA. 1989. Short-term Methods for Estimating the Chronic Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to Freshwater Organisms, , 2nd ed., Washington, D. C.: Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/600/4–89/001
Wang, Y., Yen, J., Hsien, Y. and Chen, Y. 1994. Dissipation of 2,4-D glyphosate and paraquat in river water. Water Air Soil Pollut., 72: 1–7.
WHO. 1984. Environmental Health Criteria 39—Paraquat and Diquat, 31–35. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Manuscripts must be original. They must not be published or be under consideration for publication elsewhere, in whole or in part. It is required that the lead author of accepted papers complete and sign the MSU Press AEHM Author Publishing Agreement and provide it to the publisher upon acceptance.
