Bioaccumulation and dietary exposure of the Red-Crowned Cranes (Grus japonensis) to arsenic in Zhalong Wetland, northeastern China
Keywords:
arsenic contamination, habitat of Red-Crowned Crane, aquatic animal, food chain, risk, geo-accumulation indexAbstract
Arsenic concentrations in the habitat and the prey of the Red-Crowned Crane (i.e. reed rhizomes and three aquatic animal families [Perccottus glehni Dybowski, Cybister japonicus Sharp and Viviparidae]) were analyzed to examine the bioaccumulation of arsenic in Red-Crowned Cranes in northeastern China. The results indicated that arsenic concentrations in the prey of the Red-Crowned Cranes were elevated via food chain. Most of the detected arsenic contents in the sediments were below the natural background level (7.49 ppm) and ranged from 0.34 to 8.32 ppm (dry weight). The geo-accumulation indices at all sites were less than 0, which suggests the region had only background concentrations of arsenic. Three aquatic animal families were observed to contain some arsenic, with the following order of increasing concentrations: primary consumer < secondary consumers. The arsenic concentrations of sediments and water animals in the buffer zone were significantly higher than those in the core area, and increased in higher trophic level animals. The highest arsenic metal concentrations were found in the livers of the Red-Crowned Cranes (in a range of 145.46 ppb to 367.78 ppb) compared with the kidneys (116.44 ppb to 257.46 ppb) and muscles (63.45 ppb to 94.26 ppb). By contrast, the feathers had the lowest concentrations, with an average of 32.25 ppb. The dietary exposure level of arsenic to the Red-Crowned Crane population in Zhalong wetland of northeastern China appeared to be below arsenic toxicity threshold concentrations.
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