Suspected ballast water introductions in the Arabian Gulf
Keywords:
Kuwait waters, algae, plankton, alien speciesAbstract
The Arabian Gulf is a unique hypersaline semi-arid environment. About 53,000 ships visit the Gulf annually for oil transportation. The potential for introduction of alien species via ships' ballast water discharge is significant. Fish kills have been associated with massive blooms of the dinoflagellates Cochlodinium polykrikoides in the Sea of Oman, Karenia (Gymnodinium) selliformis, Heterosigma akashiwo off Kuwait and the appearance of these causative algae were first time recordings for this region. Although systematic studies of biota have revealed several first time recordings, based on their geographical distribution, we identified 14 species, ranging from microalgae to fish, as suspect alien introductions. Microalgae from ballast water need be cultured to establish their survival under the harsh environmental conditions of the Gulf and screened for phycotoxins. There is a strong need for maritime awareness on the ballast water problem and to implement ballast water management regulations in the Arabian Gulf consistent with International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations and legal instruments.
References
Al-Hassan, L. A. J., Miller, P. J., 1987.
Rhinogobius brunneus (Gobiidae) in the Arabian Gulf. Japanese Jour. Icthyology 33, 405–408.
Al-Kandari, M., Al-Yamani, F., Al-Rifaie, K., 2009. Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait's Waters. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (Publisher). ISBN 99906-41-24-2.
Al-Saadi, H. A. and Hadi, R. A. M., 1987. Ecological and taxonomical studies on phytoplankton in Arab Gulf. Arabic section. J. Biol. Sci. Res. 18, 7–31.
Al-Yamani, F. Y., Prusova, I., 2003. Common Copepods of the Northwestern Arabian Identification Guide, Gulf. 190 pp.
Al-Yamani, F. Y., Saburova, M. A., 2010. Illustrated Guide on the Flagellates of Kuwait's Intertidal Soft Sediments. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (Publisher). ISBN 978-99906-95-04-5.
Al-Yamani, F., Skryabin, V., 2006. Identification Guide for Protozoans from Kuwait's Waters. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (Publisher). ISBN 99906-41-25-0.
Al-Yamani, F. Y., Bishop, J. M., Ramadhan, E., Al-Husaini, M., Al-Ghadban, A., 2004. Oceanographic Atlas of Kuwait's Waters. 202 pp. ISBN 99906-41-19-6. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (Publisher).
Al-Yamani, F. Y., Bishop, J. M., Al-Rifaie, K., and Ismail, W., 2007. The effect of the river diversion, Mesopotamian marsh drainage and restoration, and river damming on the marine environment of the northwestern Arabian Gulf. Aquatic Ecosystem health & management. 10, 277–289.
Al-Yamani, F., Boltachova, N., Revkov, N., Makarov, M., Grintsov, V., Kolesnikova, E., Murin, G. V., 2009. Winter species composition, diversity and abundance of macrozoobenthos in Kuwait's waters, Arabian Gulf ZooKeys 31, 17–38.
Al-Yamani, F. Y., Skryabin, V., Gubanova, A., Khvorov, S., and Prosova, I., 2011a. Marine Zooplankton.
Practical Guide for the Northwestern Arabian Gulf. KISR. Vol 1. 197 pages.
Al-Yamani, F. Y., Skryabin, V., Gubanova, A., Khvorov, S., and Prosova, I., 2011b. Marine Zooplankton.
Peractical Guide for the Northwestern Arabian gulf. KISR. Vol 2. 196 pages.
Al-Yamani, F., Polikarpov, I., Al-Ghunaim, A., and Mikhaylova, T., 2014. Field Guide of Marine macroalgae. (Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyceae of Kuwait). Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (Publisher). ISBN 978-99966-37-02-5.
Ali, M., Al-Yamani, F., and Prusova, I., 2007.
Bestiolina arabica sp.nov. (Copepoda, Calonoida, Paracaralinidae), a new species from the northwestern Arabian gulf. Crustaceana. 80, 195–205.
Barnes, D. K. A., 2002. Invasions by marine life on plastic debris. Nature 416, 808–809.
Bishop, J. M., 2003. History and current checklist of Kuwait's ichthyofauna. Journal of Arid Environment. 54, 237–256.
Brodie, P., 2008. “in-situ” ballast water treatment system and method, patent no. EP 2137057 A1
Carlton, J. T., 1985. Transoceanic and interoceanic dispersal of coastal marine organisms: the biology of ballast water. Oceanogr.Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 23, 313–371.
Carlton, J. T., 1999. Historical Extinctions in the Sea. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 30, 515–538.
Carlton, J. T., Geller, J. B., 1993. Ecological roulette: the global transport of nonindigenous marine organisms. Science 261, 78–82.
Carpenter, K. E., Harrison, P. L., Hodgson, G., Alsaffar, A. H., and Alhazeem, S., 1997. The Corals and Coral Reef Fishes of Kuwait. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research.
Clarke, C., Hayes, T., Hillard, R., Kayvanrad, N., Taymourtash, H., Parhizi, A., Yavari, V., and Raaymakers, S., 2003. Ballast Water Risk Assessment Port of Khark Islan Islamic republic of Iran.
Dorgham, M. M., Muftah, A., 1986. Plankton studies in the Arabian Gulf. I. Preliminary list of phytoplankton species in Qatari waters. Arab Gulf Journal Scient. Agric. Biol. Sci. 4, 421–436.
Dorgham, M. M., Muftah, A., and El-Deeb, K. Z., 1987. Plankton studies in the Arabian Gulf. II. The autumn phytoplankton in the northwestern area. Preliminary list of phytoplankton species in Qatari waters. Arab Gulf Journal Scient. Agric. Biol. Sci. B5(2), 215–235.
Drake, J. M., Lodge, D. M., 2007. Rate of species introductions in the Great Lakes via ships' ballast water and sediments. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 64, 530–538.
Epstein, P. R., 1993. Algal blooms in the spread and persistence of cholera. Biosystems 31, 209–221.
Freije, A. M., 2014. Heavy metal, trace element and petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in the Arabian Gulf: Review. Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Basic and Applied Sciences. 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaubas.2014.02.001.M.20114.
Glibert, P. M., Landsberg, J. H., Evans, J. J., Al-Sarawi, M. A, Faraj, M., Al-Jarallah, M. A., Allison Haywood, A., Klesius, P., Powell, C., and Shoemaker, C., 2002. A fish kill of massive proportion in Kuwait Bay, Arabian Gulf, 2001: the roles of bacterial disease, harmful algae, and eutrophication. Harmful Algae 1, 215–231.
Global Invasive Species Database (http://www.issg.org/database) Accessed on
January 10, 2014
Gollasch, S., 2004. To whom it may concern “Invasion myths” – GoConsult. 2004-06-09, 2.
Gollasch, S., Minchin, D., Rosenthal, H., Voigt, M. (Eds.), 1999. Exotics Across the Ocean. Case histories on introduced species: their general biology, distribution, range expansion and impact. Logos Verlag, Berlin. ISBN 3-89722-248-5. Copyright with Logos Verlag, Berlin.
Gollasch, S., Lenz, J., Dammer, M., and Andres, H-G., 2000. Survival of tropical ballast water organisms during a cruise from the Indian Ocean to the North Sea. Jour. Plankton Res. 22, 923–937.
Grabe, S. A., 1989. Some aspects of the biology of Rhopalophthalmus tattersallae Pillai, 1961 (Crustacea, Mysidacea) and extension of range into the Khor Al Sabiya, Kuwait (Arabian Gulf). Proc. Boil. Soc. Wash. 102, 726–731.
Hallegraeff, G. M., Bolch, C. J., 1991. Transport of toxic dinoflagellate cysts via ships' ballast water. Mar. Poll.Bull. 55, 395–401.
Hallegraeff, G. M., Bolch, C. J., 1992. Transport of diatoms and dinoflagellate resting spores in ships' ballast water: Implications for plankton biogeography and aquaculture. J. Plankton Res. 14, 1067–1087.
Hasle, G. R., Syvertsen, E. E., 1997. Marine Diatoms. In:
C.R. Tomas (Ed.), 1997.
Chapter 2: Identifying Marine Phytoplankton, pp. 5–385. Academic Press, London.
Heil, C. A., Glibert, P. M., Al-Sarawi, A., Faraj, M., Behbehani, Husain M., 2001. First record of fish-killing Gymnodinium sp. bloom in Kuwait Bay, Arabian Sea: chronology and potential causes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 214, 15–23.
http://shahidrajaeeport.pmo.ir/en/news/9874 Director General of the Hormozgan Ports and Maritime Administration. Accessed on
January 10, 2014
.
IMO, 2004a. Alien invaders in ballast waters-new convention adopted at IMO. http://www.imo.org/ome.asp?topicid=548
IMO, 2004b. International convention for the control and management of ships' ballast water and sediments.
BWM/CONF./36, London.
Jacob, P. G. and Al-Muzaini, S., 1990. Marine plants of the Arabian Gulf: A literature review. KISR Technical Report, Safat No 3426.
McEwan, T., 2008. Environmentally tough coral species as candidates for aquarium culture. Ch.19. In:
R.J. Lewis and
M. Janse (Eds.),
Advances in Coral Husbandry in public, pp. 185–189. Aquarium Husbandry Series 2.
Medcof, J. C., 1975. Living marine animals in a ship's ballast water. Proc. Nat. Shellfish Assoc. 65, 11–12.
Ostenfeld, C. H., 1908. On the immigration of Biddulphia sinensis Grev. and its occurrence in the North Sea during 1903–1907. Medd. Komm. Havunders., Ser. Plankton, 1, 1–46.
Pimentel, D., Hepperly, P., Hanson, J., Douds, D., Seidel, R., 2005. Environmental, Energetic, and Economic Comparisons of Organic and Conventional Farming Systems. BioScience 55(7), 573–582.
Reaser, J. K., 2003. Closing the Pathways of Aquatic Invasive Species across North America: Overview and resource Guide. Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Montreal, Canada, 2003.
Richards, W. J., 2008. Identification Guide of the Early Life history Stages of Fishes from the Waters of Kuwait in the Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (Publisher), Kuwait. ISBN 978-99906-41-94.
Ruiz, G. M., Rawlings, T. K., Dobbs, F. C., Drake, L. A., Mullady, T., Huq, A., Colwell, R.R., 2000. Global spread of microorganisms by ships. Nature 408, 49–50.
Stewart, J. E., 1991 Introductions as Factors in Diseases of Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 1991, 48(S1), 110–117, 10.1139/f91-309
“Strait of Hormuz”. World Oil Transit Chokepoints. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 30 December 2011.
Subba Rao, D. V., 2005. Comprehensive review of the records of the biota of the Indian Seas and introduction of non-indigenous species. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 15, 117–146.
Subba Rao, D. V., Sprules, W. G., Locke, A., Carlton, J. T., 1994. Exotic phytoplankton from ships' ballast waters: risk of potential spread to mariculture Sites on Canadian's east coast. Canadian Data Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 937.
Subba Rao, D. V., Al-Hassan, J. M., Al-Yamani, F., Al-Rafiae, K., Ismail, W., Nageswara Rao, C. V., and Al-Hassan, M., 2003. Elusive red tides in Kuwait Coastal waters. Harmful Algal News, IOC-UNESCO Newsletter 24, 10–13.
Williamson, M., Fitter, A., 1996. The varying success of invaders. Ecology 77, 1661–1666.
www.bimco.org. 2009
Published
Issue
Section
License
Manuscripts must be original. They must not be published or be under consideration for publication elsewhere, in whole or in part. It is required that the lead author of accepted papers complete and sign the MSU Press AEHM Author Publishing Agreement and provide it to the publisher upon acceptance.
