Validation of Microwave-Infrared, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer – Earth observing system and WindSat-derived sea surface temperatures in coastal waters of the northern South China Sea
Keywords:
products retrieved by satellite, in situ data, anchored buoys, accuracy analysisAbstract
Microwave-infrared, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer – Earth observing system, and WindSat sea surface temperatures are validated in coastal waters of the northern South China Sea using in situ measurements from three anchored buoys from 2010–2013. Validation of satellite sea surface temperatures shows that biases ± standard deviations of Microwave-infrared, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer – Earth observing system, and WindSat daytime and nighttime sea surface temperatures against Maoming buoy sea surface temperatures are 0.18 ± 0.74, 0.60 ± 0.57, 0.76 ± 0.61, and 0.22 ± 0.74°C, respectively, and against Shantou buoy sea surface temperatures are 0.02 ± 0.58, 0.05 ± 0.53, 0.04 ± 0.69, and −0.05 ± 0.71°C, respectively. Because the Shanwei buoy is very close to the coast, the bias of satellite sea surface temperatures against the Shanwei buoy sea surface temperatures is very large, especially in the winter. The mean biases of satellite sea surface temperatures in coastal waters, except for very close to the coast, are roughly equivalent to previous results in the northern South China Sea. The accuracies of satellite sea surface temperatures in coastal waters of the northern South China Sea depend not only on season, wind speed, wind direction, and region, but also on the satellite product. Accuracy and applicability of satellite-derived sea surface temperature also has the potential to further improve, especially in near-coastal areas.
References
Brown, O.B., Brown, J.W., Evans, R.H., 1985. Calibration of advanced very high resolution radiometer infrared observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 90, 1667–1677.
Castro, S.L., Wick, G.A., Jackson, D.L., Emery, W.J., 2008. Error characterization of infrared and microwave satellite sea surface temperature products for merging and analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research 113, C03010. DOI:10.1029/2006JC003829.
Chen, Y., Xie, Q., Meng, W., Yuan, J., Wang, D., 2010. A numerical study of the influence of sea surface temperatures with different temporal resolutions on typhoon DUJUAN over the South China Sea. Journal of Tropical Meteorology 16(2), 195–200.
Chu, P.C., Chang, C.P., 1997. South China Sea warm pool in boreal spring. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 14, 195–206.
Donlon, C.J., Minnett, P.J., Gentemann, C., Nightingale, T.J., Barton, I.J., Ward, B., Murray, M.J., 2002. Toward improved validation of satellite sea surface skin temperature measurements for climate research. Journal of Climate 15, 353–369.
Emery, W.J., Yu, Y., Wick, G.A., Schluessel, P., Reynolds, R.W., 1994. Correcting infrared satellite estimates of sea surface temperature for atmospheric water vapor attenuation. Journal of Geophysical Research 99, 5219–5236.
Gaiser, P.W., Poe, G.A., Jones, W.L., Bevilacqua, R.M., Chang, P.S., 2004. The WindSat space borne polarimetric microwave radiometer: sensor description and early orbit performance. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 42(11), 2347–2361.
Gentemann, C.L., Donlon, C.J., Stuart-Menteth, A., Wentz, F.J., 2003. Diurnal signals in satellite sea surface temperature measurements. Geophysical Research Letters 30(3), 1140. DOI:10.1029/2002GL016291.
Gentemann, C.L., Meissner, T., Wentz, F.J., 2010. Accuracy of satellite sea surface temperatures at 7 and 11 GHz. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 48(3), 1009–1018.
Gentemann, C.L., Wentz, F.J., Mears, C.A., Smith, D.K., 2004. In situ validation of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission microwave sea surface temperatures. Journal of Geophysical Research 109, C04021. DOI:10.1029/2003JC002092.
Guan, L., Kawamura, H., 2004. Merging Satellite Infrared and Microwave SSTs: Methodology and Evaluation of the New SST. Journal of Oceanography 60(5), 905–912.
Hong, B., Wang, D., 2006. Diagnostic analysis on the northern South China Sea winter counter-wind current. Chinese Scientific Bulletin 51 (B12), 9–16.
Hosoda, K., 2010. A review of satellite-based microwave observations of sea surface temperatures. Journal of Oceanography 66(4), 439–473.
Hosoda, K., Qin, H., 2011. Algorithm for estimating sea surface temperatures based on AQUA/MODIS global ocean data. 1. Development and validation of the algorithm. Journal of Oceanography 67(1), 135–145.
Kawai, Y., Kawamura, H., 1997a. Seasonal and diurnal variability of differences between satellite-derived and in situ sea surface temperatures in the south of the Sea of Okhotske. Journal of Oceanography 53(4), 343–354.
Kawai, Y., Kawamura, H., 1997b. Characteristics of the satellite-derived sea surface temperature in the oceans around Japan. Journal of Oceanography 53, 161–172.
Kawamura, H., Qin, H., Hosoda, K., Sakaida, F., Qiu, C., 2010. Advanced sea surface temperature retrieval using the Japanese geostationary satellite, Himawari-6. Journal of Oceanography 66(6), 855–864.
Li, X., Pichel, W., Clemente-Colon, P., Krasnopolsky, V., Sapper, J., 2001. Validation of coastal sea and lake surface temperature measurements derived from NOAA/AVHRR data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 22(7), 1285–1303.
Lin, A., Liang, J., Li, C., 2006. Characteristics of frequency spectrum variation of intraseasonal oscillation of convection during South China Sea summer monsoon. Journal of Tropical Meteorology 12(1), 34–40.
Lin, A., Li, C., Gu, D., Zheng, B., 2012. Variation and causes of persistent drought events in Guangdong province. Journal of Tropical Meteorology 18(1), 54–64.
McClain, E.P., 1989. Global sea surface temperatures and cloud clearing for aerosol optical depth estimates. International Journal of Remote Sensing 10, 763–769.
Minnett, P.J., 1990. The regional optimization of infrared measurements of sea surface temperature from space. Journal of Geophysical Research 95(C8), 13497–13510.
Ose, T., Song, Y., Kitoh, A., 1997. Sea surface temperature in the South China Sea–an index for the Asian monsoon and ENSO system. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 75, 1091–1107.
Pearce, A.F., Prata, A.J., Manning, C.R., 1989. Comparison of NOAA/AVHRR-2 sea surface temperatures with surface measurements in coastal waters. International Journal of Remote Sensing 10(1), 37–52.
Qin, H., Chen, G., Wang, W., Wang, D., Zeng, L., 2014. Validation and application of MODIS-derived SST in the South China Sea. International Journal of Remote Sensing 35, 4315–4328.
Qiu, C., Wang, D., Kawamura, H., Guan, L., Qin, H., 2009. Validation of AVHRR and TMI-derived sea surface temperature in the northern South China Sea. Continental Shelf Research 29(20), 2358–2366.
Wang, D., Zhou, F., Li, Y., 1996. On the features in the annual cycle of SST and surface heat budget in the South China Sea. Acta Oceanologica Sinica 15(11), 111–125.
Wentz, F.J., Gentemann, C.L., Smith, D.K., Chelton, D.B., 2000. Satellite measurements of sea-surface temperature through clouds. Science 288(5467), 847–850.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Manuscripts must be original. They must not be published or be under consideration for publication elsewhere, in whole or in part. It is required that the lead author of accepted papers complete and sign the MSU Press AEHM Author Publishing Agreement and provide it to the publisher upon acceptance.
